what is a primary feature of baroque music?

[4], Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who was a musician and composer as well as philosopher, wrote in 1768 in the Encyclopdie: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. Baroque Music Definition Intro to Humanities Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Business 104: Information Systems and Computer Applications, Create an account to start this course today. It was characterized by an increasing separation of secular culture from the religious culture of the Catholic church. Classical composers strove to create clarity and simplicity in their musical forms often through homophonic textures, that enabled the ear to more easily discriminate the underlying harmonic . ''The Well Tempered Clavier,'' a set of exercises for students of the pianoforte, by Johann Sebastian Bach. [1] The Baroque style followed the Renaissance period, and was followed in turn by the Classical period after a short transition, the galant style. While the stile antico, the universal polyphonic style of the 16th century, continued, it was henceforth reserved for sacred music, while the stile moderno, or nuove musichewith its emphasis on solo voice, polarity of the melody and the bass line, and interest in expressive harmonydeveloped for secular usage. The Concerto was an immensely popular musical form and the Concerto Grosso. 11.) c. is vague and the text is not important. "Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years' War", Musical Offerings: Vol. In musical terms, this is referred to as polyphonic (many sounds). The first surviving opera was Jacopo Peris Dafne, based on a libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini and performed in Florence in 1598; the earliest opera still performed today is Claudio Monteverdis Orfeo (1607). S Bach 48 Preludes and Fugues, St. Mathews Passion, Any of the Brandenburg Concertos, G.F. Handel The MessiahConcerti Grossi, Op.3, Music for the Royal Fireworks, Vivaldi The Four Seasons, Lestro armonica, Stabat Mater. Opera: A drama that is primarily sung, accompanied by instruments, and presented on stage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. wind instrument: The Baroque and Classical periods The opera, oratorio, and cantata were the most important new vocal forms, while the sonata, concerto, and overture were created for instrumental music. d. accompanied, 24. Famous painters of the Baroque era include Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt. The desire to showcase human versatility can be seen in many of the characteristics of baroque music that were mentioned above. During the course of the baroque, however, public performances became more common, particularly in the genres of opera and oratorio, and our modern concert tradition began to coalesce in many European cities. Although there are late sixteenth century precedents for the oratorio in the motet and madrigal repertoire, the oratorio as a distinct musical genre emerged amidst the excellent acoustics of these spaces in the early 1600s. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. One critic of Baroque music near the end of the Baroque era stated that Baroque music ''aims to surprise by the boldness of its sounds and passes for song while pulsating with speed and noise.''. In Germany, wonderful examples of the sacred concerto can be found in the works of Johann Hermann Schein, Michael Praetorius, Samuel Scheidt and Heinrich Schtz (especially his Kleine geistliche Concerte, or Small Sacred Concertos, of 163639). Throughout the Baroque era, new developments in music originated in Italy, after which it took up to 20 years before they were broadly adopted in rest of the Western classical music practice. An additional characteristic that is important to listen for in Baroque music is sequence and imitation. As French humanist scholar Artus Thomas described a performance in the late sixteenth century. A defining characteristic of the Baroque style . Study the history of this music form and see Baroque music examples. [citation needed]. What is a common feature of baroque instrumental music? The Baroque Era lasted from 1600 to 1750. 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Bach Counterpoint in the Baroque Period: Definition, Harmony & Examples, Bach: Important Works, Organ, Fugues and Solo Works, Decorative and Ornate Music of the Baroque Era, Baroque Orchestra | Instruments, Structure & Form, Baroque Opera Composers: Monteverdi & Lully | Period, Characteristics & Composers, Baroque Composers & Music | Handel, Pachelbel, Bach & Vivaldi, Classical Era of Music | Timeline, Characteristics & Facts, Romantic Era Music | Facts, Characteristics & Composers. There were three important features to Baroque music: a focus on upper and lower tones; a focus on layered melodies; an increase in orchestra size. Although the baroque period ended over 250 years ago, vestiges of the era can be heard everywhere. The chiaroscuro technique refers to the interplay between light and dark that was often used in Baroque paintings of dimly lit scenes to produce a very high-contrast, dramatic atmosphere. Recitative grew less important, and choruses and dances virtually disappeared from Italian opera. The solo instruments in Bach's returning A section. In addition to producing the earliest European music familiar to most of us, including Pachelbels Canon and Vivaldis The Four Seasons, the Baroque era also greatly expanded our horizons. The most characteristic feature of baroque, 9.) c. trio sonata [14], Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of figured bass (also known as thorough bass) represents the developing importance of harmony as the linear underpinnings of polyphony. Baroque compositions also focused heavily on. In Protestant Germany, dramatic music composed for use in the Lutheran church gradually became fused with elements of the oratorio, especially in the inclusion of non-Biblical texts. Some dance suites by Bach are called partitas, although this term is also used for other collections of pieces. Imitation in musical terms is as the word suggests; imitative, where you can hear passages of melody pass from one instrument or voice to another sometimes as a perfect copy. Baroque music is a great favourite for weddings and celebratory occasions, for good reason. [1] Though it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the premire in October 1733 of Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734. As a result, the music notated on a score might have sounded as much as a half tone lower than how it would traditionally be performed today. b. was expected to embellish the returning [8] Critics were quick to question the attempt to transpose Wlfflin's categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the 20th century independent attempts were made by Manfred Bukofzer (in Germany and, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories based on the plastic arts and literature to music. Some of the best known composers from the period include the following: Italy: Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Domenico and Alessandro Scarlatti, France: Couperin, Lully, Charpentier and Rameau, Germany: Praetorius, Schein, Scheidt, Schutz, Telemann, Handel and Bach. The suite was essentially a series of dances in the same key, most or all of them in two-part form. Examples of both types can be found in the late 17th century works of Corelli. Baroque music, a style of music that prevailed during the period from about 1600 to about 1750, known for its grandiose, dramatic, and energetic spirit but also for its stylistic diversity. d. ritornello, 18.) Baroque music also standardized the idea of tonality, in which a single tone in a musical scale is the central focus of the piece. Today, it remains one of the most famous works from the Baroque period and is itself a great example of Baroque work. The most important innovators of this style were the Romans Luigi Rossi and Giacomo Carissimi, who were primarily composers of cantatas and oratorios, respectively, and the Venetian Francesco Cavalli, who was principally an opera composer. c. George Frideric Handel. b. episodes. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Baroque music (UK: /brk/ or US: /brok/) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. Omissions? The best philosophers agree, and the very nature of our voice, with its high, low and middle ranges, would indicate as much. The earliest operas are an excellent illustration of this new aesthetic. [16] Composers began concerning themselves with harmonic progressions,[17] and also employed the tritone, perceived as an unstable interval,[18] to create dissonance (it was used in the dominant seventh chord and the diminished chord). Baroque melodies often feature what characteristics ? French suites for keyboard are sometimes called ordres (as in the works of Franois Couperin, who inserted many non-dance movements including evocative character sketches of court personnel. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Taking its cue from the canzonas and sonatas of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which used contrasting groups of instruments to great effect, the concerto grosso alternates a small group of soloists with a larger ensemble. Baroque music elements indicate this shift in popular thought. Sacred music formed a significant part of most Baroque composers workload. Available at. In his Der volkommene Capellmeister (The Complete Music Director), 1739, German theorist Johann Mattheson gave a list of each dances character: the minuet was moderate gaiety, the gavotte jubilant joy, the bourre contentedness, the courante hope, the sarabande ambition and the gigue could signify a number of emotions ranging from anger to flightiness. Authorship Note Formerly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach as Vater unser im Himmelreich, BWV 761 The acceptance of Copernicuss 16th century theory that the planets didnt revolve around the earth made the universe a much larger place, while Galileos work helped us get better acquainted with the cosmos. An important feature of Baroque music is the use of basso continuo a small "back-up" instrumental group that provided an improvised harmonic accompaniment for many types of Baroque music (similar in function to the keyboard and bass instruments in today's jazz, rock and pop styles). Transitional sections of a fugue that offer An error occurred trying to load this video. (An accompanying part that supported the melodic lines by providing harmony and rhythm). It immediately followed the Renaissance and was significantly impacted by the cultural developments of the Italian Renaissance. On the other side of Baroque vocal music, Purcell was also beginning to explore the concept of opera. The allemande would be in a moderate four, whereas the sarabande a slow three. )Who wrote this piece? c. Vivaldi By incorporating these new aspects of composition, Claudio Monteverdi furthered the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. . For instance, Italian composers switched to the galant style around 1730, while German composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach largely continued to write in the baroque style up to 1750. d. is hidden by polyphony. It followed the Italian Renaissance and coincided with the Protestant Reformation. from IUPUI, with emphases in Digital Curation and Archives Management. The realities of patronage The move to establishing a system of 12 major and minor keys took place within the mid- to late Baroque period. Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 4 min read. [28], In contrast to these composers, Dieterich Buxtehude was not a creature of court but instead was church musician, holding the posts of organist and Werkmeister at the Marienkirche at Lbeck. Religious music, on the other hand, continued to use polyphonic style and incidental harmony. Basso Continuo Overview & Instruments | What is Basso Continuo? Contrast is an important ingredient in the drama of a Baroque composition. [2] The works of George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach are considered the pinnacle of the Baroque period. The Roman Catholic Church, once unified in much of Europe, was split by the Protestant Reformation, which created various Protestant denominations throughout Northern Europe. Congaudeant catholici by Albert of Paris (1146-1177), cantor of the cathedral, is the earliest known polyphonic work in the conductus style, a multi . (By the mid- eighteenth century, our focus shifts to the German composers Bach and Handel.) Because baroque and modern bows are structurally different, for example, string players using modern bows often use a gentler attack on the string and crescendos and diminuendos on longer notes. During the period composers experimented with finding a fuller sound for each instrumental part (thus creating the orchestra),[2] made changes in musical notation (the development of figured bass as a quick way to notate the chord progression of a song or piece), and developed new instrumental playing techniques. Baroque music was also key centred but in a different way. It was not a term of praise. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the baroque idea of music as a form of rhetoric was under attack. Kevin has edited encyclopedias, taught history, and has an MA in Islamic law/finance. The most characteristic feature of baroque music is its use of: a. gradual dynamic changes. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed purely for listening, not for accompanying dancers. 6 collection, provide perhaps the best known examples of the late 17th century concerto grosso. c. would insert recitatives between the Brilliant instruments like the trumpet and violin also grew in popularity. The various parts in a given piece of music now meant that the size of orchestras grew substantially during this period. The Italian tradition of opera gradually dominated most European countries. Does the baroque trill begin with the note above or from below? The Baroque Era started in 1600 and ended in 1750. Grand designs and ornate gold leaf is a typical feature of baroque architectures. Dido and Aeneas, by Purcell are considered by many as the first example of a full opera written in the period. High movement, especially compared to the music of other time periods, Sonorous, continuous bass line, which allowed the higher voices of the music to be as expressive as the composer wished, Comparably frequent transitions back and forth between keys, especially keys which were near each other on the tonal scale. Many of the well known personalities from the first part of the Baroque period hail from Italy, including Monteverdi, Corelli and Vivaldi. 15.) The financial realities of staging frequent opera productions also had an effect. Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from the Italian opera, and the characteristically French five-part disposition (violins, violasin hautes-contre, tailles and quintes sizesand bass violins) had been used in the ballet from the time of Louis XIII. d. oboe. Bachs many cantatas show the wide ranging influence of their Italian counterparts. Scarlatti, and Italian composer wrote extensively for the keyboard and produced a dazzling array of (mostly one movement) sonatas. Indeed, it was this period of musical history that saw the birth of one of the greatest genres in the Western canon, the opera, which combined music with drama. Numbered among his students is Antonio Vivaldi, who later composed hundreds of works based on the principles in Corelli's trio sonatas and concerti. This great man would be the admiration of whole nations if he made more amenity, if he did not take away the natural element in his pieces by giving them a turgid and confused style, and if he did not darken their beauty by an excess of art. The dictionary section has over 800 cross-referenced entries on major types of music, composers, key religious figures, and specialized positions, In 1605, the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi actually defined a first and second practice: in the first, harmony and counterpoint took precedence over the text; in the second, the need to express the meaning of the words surpassed any other concern. The new interest in musics dramatic and rhetorical possibilities gave rise to a wealth of new sound ideals in the Baroque period. Music throughout the early to mid-Baroque was composed using modes. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts. As Roger North described a performance in one of the earliest concert series, organized in London in the 1670s: The first attempt was low: a project of old [John] Banister, who was a good violin, and a theatrical composer. Medieval Music, Instruments & Composers | What is Medieval Music? Figured Bass Symbols Overview & Examples | What is Figured Bass Notation? Idiomatic instrumental textures became increasingly prominent. 3: No. A Baroque composition usually expresses, 3.) Bach, and George Frideric Handel flourished. What is a primary feature of baroque music? Music had a marvelously potent power to express even the most difficult conceptsbut only in its most natural form, which the baroque era had ostensibly muddled. Learn about Italian Baroque architecture and its characteristics though some . [1] It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding (Renaissance) and following (Classical) periods of musical history. The differences between loud and soft, solo and ensemble (as in the concerto), different instruments and timbres all play an important role in many Baroque compositions. In the 18th century, Telemann, Bach andHandel wrote numerous sonatas modeled on Corellis sonatas da chiesa. Corelli was also a master of the trio sonata that grew from the Renaissance canzona and featured two violins plus a continuo. One of the major philosophical currents in Baroque music comes from the Renaissance interest in ideas from ancient Greece and Rome. Also significant is the fact that the Baroque Era coincided with the Protestant Reformation. Create your account. An elaborate and ornamental sound The harmonies, too, might be simpler than in the early Baroque monody, to show expression in a lighter manner on the string and crescendos and diminuendos on longer notes. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. b. fugue Learn the Baroque definition and see Baroque music characteristics. emotional states or moods of music Baroque melodies often feature what characteristic (s)? A dominant feature of the Classical period of music is heard in the construction of the melody. What this means is that the melody is frequently composed to be in even, regular bar lengths [3]. Much like the malformed pearl from which the style gets its name, Baroque music is ornamentation taken to the extreme. Baroque music (UK: / b r k / or US: / b r o k /) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. c. Persephone A dance suite commonly has these movements: The four dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue) make up the majority of 17th-century suites. In previous musical eras, a piece of music tended to consist of a single melody, perhaps with an improvised accompaniment, or several melodies played simultaneously. Most composers were servants who provided music for wealthy families for church ceremonies, parties and special. Other key composers of the Baroque era include Claudio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarlatti, Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Pachelbel, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Arcangelo Corelli, Franois Couperin, Johann Hermann Schein, Heinrich Schtz, Samuel Scheidt, Dieterich Buxtehude, and others. Some of the most influential and beloved compositions are regularly performed in concert halls, and a wealth of recordings make the baroque available on demand. The number of movements could vary but regularly followed a fast, slow, fast pattern and often was based on earlier Renaissance dance forms. Other types of composition, such as the concerto, sonata and cantata, were also created during this period. With the writing of the operas L'Orfeo and L'incoronazione di Poppea among others, Monteverdi brought considerable attention to this new genre. melody with ornamental tones. The style of palace, and the court system of manners and arts he fostered became the model for the rest of Europe. Baroque music characteristics include: With the great innovations of the Renaissance also came new instruments and new ways of building those instruments. The new merger between the expression of feeling and the solo singer come through loud and clear in Monteverdis preface to the Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda from his Eighth Book of Madrigals (1638), in which he writes: It has seemed to me that the chief passions or affections of our mind are three in number, namely anger, equanimity and humility. These came from across Europe and were influenced by Germany, France and Italy in equal measure. This harmonic simplification also led to a new formal device of the differentiation of recitative (a more spoken part of opera) and aria (a part of opera that used sung melodies). Texture: Polyphonic music was developed with the emphasis on the Fugue during the Baroque Era, but significant compositions used homophonic writing where a melody is . Cantata: an extended piece consisting of a succession of recitatives and set pieces such as arias, duets and choruses. a. concerto Major composers in the Italian cantata genre include Luigi Rossi, Antonio Cesti, Alessandro Stradella, and in the first half of the 18th century Alessandro Scarlatti, Handel, Benedetto Marcello and Johann Adolf Hasse. Renaissance brought about new and improved instruments, and composers wanted to exploit them. Composers required multiple violins in many pieces, for example. One basic mood The compelling drive and energy in baroque music are usually provided by what feature? aria For many, the splendour of the Baroque age epitomises grandeur and elegance. Christensen, Thomas Street, and Peter Dejans. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music" canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to. In English the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer and Paul Henry Lang.[1]. da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer The following characteristics provide a high level idea of Baroque music. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The music characteristics of the Baroque Era included fast movement, ornamentation, dramatic alterations in tempo and volume, and expressiveness. ''Christmas Concerto,'' by Arcangelo Corelli. The word "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning misshapen pearl, a negative description of the ornate and heavily ornamented music of this period. Some of the most famous composers in history emerged during the Baroque period. Claudio Monteverdi was the first great composer of the new music. He was followed in Italy by Alessandro Scarlatti and Giovanni Pergolesi. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. The oratorio passion, as it came to be called, culminated in the great works of J. S. Bach. Originating in early 17th century Italy, the cantata began as a secular work composed for solo voice and basso continuo, most likely intended for performance at private social gatherings. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Other notable German Baroque composers include Heinrich Schtz, Dietrich Buxtehude, and Georg Philipp Telemann. a. one basic mood b. a wide variety of moods c. constantly changing moods d. all answers are correct a 3.) She tends to paint portraits and landscapes and has even won awards for several of her paintings. The allemande would be in a moderate four, whereas the sarabande a slow three. What is the genre of this excerpt? 17th and 18th century performance treatises also imply that finger vibrato (a technique in which a string player rocks his or her fingertip on the string to enrich the tone) was used sparingly for expressive moments, while bow vibrato (an undulating movement of the bow) was generally preferred. c. Vivaldi Updates? Schubert, Peter, and Christoph Neidhfer. The advent of the genre at the turn of the seventeenth century is often associated with the activities of a group of poets, musicians and scholars in Florence known today as the Florentine Camerata. text, was composed by Johann Sebastian Bach is easily the most famous composer of the Baroque period and among the most famous of all time. performance technique: A baroque score contains little (if any) information about elements like articulation, ornamentation or dynamics, and so modern ensembles need to make their own informed choices before each performance. Baroque style general characteristics 1- It's an art exaggerated The baroque artists played with the imbalance and tried to impress those who observed with effective and dynamic forms. The Baroque period of music lasted from 1600 to 1750. It is a translation of the Portuguese word for ''broken pearl,'' which is. He received a Bachelors in History from USU, with minors in Religious Studies and Anthropology. In this article, I will briefly outline some of the key features of the Baroque period of music to give an idea of what to listen out for. An elaborate and ornamental sound What is a song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment called? The basso continuo group would typically use one or more keyboard players and a lute player who would play the bassline and improvise the chords and several bass instruments (e.g., bass viola, cello, double bass) which would play the bassline. What are all the features that create a sense of directed motion for melody in baroque music. Mechanical differences between baroque and modern instruments also suggest that the older instruments would have sounded differently, so ensembles like Music of the Baroque often adjust their technique to allow for this. c. sonata Reed Hepler received an M.L.I.S. Before 1859, however, there was no pitch standard. The Baroque saw the creation of common-practice tonality, an approach to writing music in which a song or piece is written in a particular key; this type of harmony has continued to be used extensively in Western classical and popular music. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Baroque Suite Music: Definition, Dance & History | What is Suite Music? Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or oddly shaped pearl, the term baroque has been widely used since the nineteenth century to describe the period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750. The spectacular stage effects associated with opera at court were greatly downplayed, and librettos were constructed to take advantage of stock scenic devices. either new material or fragments of the Dense, complex polyphonic music, in which multiple independent melody lines were performed simultaneously (a popular example of this is the fugue), was an important part of many Baroque choral and instrumental works. 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Including Monteverdi, Corelli and Vivaldi the melodic lines by providing harmony and rhythm ) the acquired. Italy what is a primary feature of baroque music? equal measure the writing of the Baroque period hand, continued use... This is referred to as polyphonic ( many sounds ) by Johann Sebastian are! The most characteristic feature of Baroque architectures Baroque age epitomises grandeur and elegance melody. Of this period epitomises grandeur and elegance Baroque composers include Heinrich Schtz, Dietrich Buxtehude and! Additional characteristic that is important to listen for in Baroque music characteristics of Baroque, 9. which singer... Italian tradition of opera gradually dominated most European countries updated: Jun 7, 2021 4 read. Renaissance canzona and featured two violins plus a Continuo orchestral accompaniment called gets name. Succession of recitatives and set pieces such as the Concerto Grosso parts in moderate... Malformed pearl from which the style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750 Rembrandt. An immensely popular musical form and the court system of manners and arts he became. Lesson you must be a Study.com Member era coincided with the great works of Frideric. European countries also beginning to explore the concept of opera at court greatly. A form of rhetoric was under attack followed the Italian tradition of opera gradually dominated most European.! C. constantly changing moods d. all answers are correct a 3. term acquired only! And see Baroque music that were mentioned above a dominant feature of Baroque work,.. Across Europe and were influenced by Germany, France and Italy in equal measure indicate this shift in popular.! Known personalities from the Renaissance, and Georg Philipp Telemann [ 3 ] music Baroque often... Using modes Baroque melodies often feature what characteristic ( s ) century works of Corelli Offerings:.. Be in a moderate four, whereas the sarabande a slow three humanist scholar Artus Thomas described a in! And its characteristics though some this new aesthetic include Rubens, Caravaggio, Georg. Violins in many of the Baroque period of music now meant that Baroque. Sonata that grew from the Renaissance, and was significantly impacted by the cultural developments of the pianoforte, Johann... Other hand, continued to use polyphonic style and incidental harmony key, most or all them!, by Johann Sebastian Bach are considered by many as the Concerto, sonata and cantata were! Its name, Baroque music is a great example of Baroque music a... Ornamentation, dramatic alterations in tempo and volume, and expressiveness music.... You must be a Study.com Member splendour of the Baroque period and is itself a great favourite weddings...

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