drag factor table accident reconstruction

A device used for recording data associated with a crash. Tuition: $695 | Prerequisites: NoneACTAR CEUs pending. The acceleration of gravity equaling 1G or 32.2 feet per second squared. There are a number of ways to conduct skid tests in reconstructing the distance a vehicle skidded prior to impact or the distance it traveled afterwards. A short, usually broad, skidmark made during the engagement of vehicles in a collision. By the end of the course, participants will be able to complete such advanced Excel functions as writing macros, working complex if statements, and creating form controls. Register for Using Excel in Collision Investigations. The results were reported based on several possible ways of calculating the average drag factor. Given the variety of potential braking and awareness conditions in actual rear impacts, it is desirable to better understand the influence of these reactions on both vehicle and occupant dynamics. It won acclaim as the most modern instrument for accident reconstruction. The results of each calculation must be squared, added together, and then the square root of this sum represents the actual speed of the vehicle at the beginning of the event. The lowest value for the entire test series was approximately 0.65g, with an overall average skidding value in excess of 0.80g. To qualify, Crash Investigation and Reconstruction Foundational Courses, Law Enforcement Management & Leadership Education. The term Drag Factor is not mentioned in engineering mechanics or physics books but it is invaluable when investigating traffic accidents. Injuries are being documented by individuals as occurring in relatively low speed collisions. A method for determining the radius of a roadway curve by laying a known length of a tape measure between two points on the curve and measuring the offset from the curve at the middle of the tape. 2023 SAE International. In addition to the distance covered during skidding, shot markers incorporate the lag time for the brake system to build pressure, and in so doing always generate longer than actual stopping distances, which results in friciton values which are lower than actual. An endwise flip is usually called a. The Coefficient of Friction is the deceleration coefficient for a sliding tire. This hands-on course utilizes the Pix4DMapper photogrammetry modeling software to teach students how to develop 3D models and orthomosaics from crash scene evidence captured with aerial and terrestrial photography. The progress in pedestrian safety enhancement is the result of multi-stage work, which is based mainly on the vehicle enhancement and appropriate traffic organization. A recipient of the National Transportation Safety Board Award for Contributions to Safety and the Wallace Award for Excellence in Research, he is the author of more than 50 peer-reviewed articles on traffic safety and driver response in crash and near-crash events. City engineers and planners are plagued with the problem of mitigating the number of pedestrian/vehicle collisions while maintaining traffic flow. Used to compute the energy dissipation associated with crash damage to a vehicle. Accident Investigations: Vehicle Lamp Examinations, Tire Marks & Their Role in Accident-Reconstruction Investigations. This three-day course offers an in-depth examination of injury biomechanics for collision investigators, reconstructionists, and others involved in vehicle crash investigation. A surrogate measure for the impact speed required to create a given damage pattern when impacting a barrier. An extensive series of motorcycle accident reconstruction tests were carried out by the West Midlands Police in the United Kingdom in which they calculated the drag factor value . A mark from a tire that is sliding without rotation. Drag Factor is the deceleration coefficient for an entire vehicle. Overgaard reported the results of 50 skid tests conducted with 3 different vehicles. [1993] conducted several skid tests with each of several vehicles, and measured the chassis acceleration with several different tools. Instructors work with students using DJI Inspire/1 sUAS drones to teach such critical skills as: sUAS setup, configuration, and maintenance; camera configuration, settings, and controls; pre-flight checks; flight planning and patterns; day and night image captures; terrestrial photography techniques for photogrammetry; obstacle navigation; field measurements; and more. %PDF-1.5 The 2-Day on-site class is ACTAR approved for 12 CEUs. At many. Register for Motorcycle Traffic Crash Reconstruction, Tuition: $1095 | Prerequisites:Traffic Crash Reconstruction 1; Traffic Crash Reconstruction 2 is encouraged.40 ACTAR CEUs. Usually measured at its wheel locations. This imbalance in braking will cause the trailer to move right or left depending upon the forces applied to it. Relatively little effort has been devoted to quantitatively comparing vehicle and occupant responses under different braking and awareness. Heavy Vehicle Crash Reconstruction exams the critical and unique elements of reconstructing collisions involving these vehicles. In addition to classroom time, students take part in practical field exercises involving the latest equipment. Tuition: $1200 | Prerequisites:Traffic Crash Reconstruction 1 & 232 ACTAR CEUs. The investigator determined the minimum speed was 69.2 MPH. These are usually integrated into to the engine control module or airbag electronic control module. A dashed or solid line dividing two lanes traveling in the same direction. A permanent landmark used to measure and locate the position of important spots in a crash scene. Results for dry sliding tests on actual roads and highways are shown in the table to the right. The place where a colliding vehicle stops after collision. Various scientific instruments (for example, the VC-3000) determines the drag factor of a roadway surface. A branch of mechanics which involves the study of why objects move. To help the accident reconstructionist in this effort, a series of crash tests were conducted to relate the impact velocity of the striking vehicle to the throw distance for the cyclist. WcvRpl 7b?Z4nZ! Students complete this course with the ability to explain how specific components may factor into a collision event. This condensed class is also SPECIALLY PRICED! Crash damage other than direct impact damage caused by the vehicle bending, twisting, and crushing. The average drag factor was approximately 0.80g. The earliest point where a driver could detect the presence of a hazard. This course includes three lab workshops, including an in-depth pedestrian-visibility workshop. of effective drag factors for a given roll surface may be quite large. Topic 862, Drag Factor and Coefficient of Friction in Traffic Accident Reconstruction.-1-N = F F = w N MOTION F w Figure 2. In performing the tests, the pedestrian dummy was stabilized using an 18.2 kg tensile strength monofilament wire hanging from a cantilever beam. Additional hands-on training examines undamaged heavy trucks for a better understanding of components. A branch of physics that involves the study of motion. In 2002, a day-long "Conducting and Evaluating Skid Tests" training event was conducted in Palm Beach County, Florida for members of various Florida law enforcement agencies. This law tells us that when an object exerts a force on another object that the second object exerts a force equal and opposite to the force applied. Collision Reconstruction with CDR! An understeered vehicle is more comfortable for most drivers than an, A 17 digit number mandated by Code of Federal Regulations chapter 49 section 565. The emphasis in this volume is on data interpretation. Get an early start on your WREX 2023 Conference at our Special 4-Day Traffic Crash Reconstruction Refresher class, running April 11 - 14, 2023, in Orlando. Crash reconstruction is effectively applied mechanics. A tire mark from a wheel that is both rotating and slipping: A drivable area adjacent to the traveled way of a roadway. A scar on the pavement made by a wheel rim. Each surface has its own drag factor, which will determine how quickly a vehicle can come to a stop and how far it will travel while doing so. His "Glancing and Stopping Behavior of Motorcyclists and Car Drivers at Intersections" was published in the TRB Transportation Record in 2011; "Motorcycle Sliding Friction for Accident Reconstruction," in 2014 (Proceedings of the 10th International Motorcycle Safety Conference, 2014: Cologne, Germany). The distance between the center of the tire tread on one side of the vehicle and the center of the tire tread on the opposite side. The radius of the curve can then be calculated by dividing 5729 by the degree of curve. A vehicle characteristic that results in a tendency to steer toward the outside of a roadway curve, especially at higher speeds. Reed and Keskin skid-tested several vehicles. The study of how humans behave physically and psychologically in relation to particular environments, products, or services. For a 2-axle vehicle, this is the distance between the center of the front wheels and the center of the rear wheels. Building upon the Traffic Crash Reconstruction 1 & 2 curriculum, this advanced reconstruction course focuses on understanding and assessing the human role in the crash sequence. endobj The dummy and vehicle kinematics were documented and the vehicle impact response . The cross slope (banking) on a roadway curve, expressed in ft/ft or as a percentage. This paper addresses the typical sequence of events in a pedestrian involved collision and the movement of the vehicle and pedestrian body from pre-impact through the collision to their final points of rest. The second roof support on a vehicle, counting back from the windshield. The investigator presumed the roadway was new asphalt and decided it had a coefficient of friction of 0.8 by using the standard chart of the coefficient of friction for various roadway surfaces. Browse or download our new NUCPS Course Over 2022 / 23, which features curriculum details for all of our class offerings, including our Crash Investigation & Reconstruction programs. xt[;d23$7qj*E*{Tl z {(NW : R,@vx>X~v={({^}{GMa7JBD+-.nb_^dP} A tractor-trailer is an articulated vehicle. The speed of a vehicle immediately prior to braking. This characteristic results in a tendency to steer toward the inside of a roadway curve, especially at higher speeds. Upon successful completion, each student receives a three-month, personal-use license from CSS, LLC, for access to: Interactive Driver Response Research (IDRR) and V*Star. Its not uncommon to see people cite the friction table from J. Stannard Bakers 1975 Traffic Accident Investigation Manual published by Northwestern University Traffic Institute (now known as the. A term used to describe a straight section of roadway that leads up to a curve. In other words, an accident reconstruction expert can explain each part of the event, step-by-step, to the jury. Devices such as home-built skid-friction devices, skid sleds, commercially-made units, and self-wetting pavement skid friction testers are discussed. Paved portion of a median that allows vehicles from roads intersecting a divided highway access to both sides of the highway. Reviews the information students need for the FAA sUAS Knowledge Test. The vehicle left 4 skid marks that measured an average skid of 200 feet. The rate of change in elevation of a roadway or vehicle path. From Reed, SAE 880231. After an accident has occurred, there are a minimal number of low speed crash tests to assist the accident reconstructionist/engineer in determining the speed of a vehicle from little or no visible vehicle damage. 55 mph (24.6 m S-l) on a surface with a drag factor o 0.55 so our cow would just escape the onslaught o the Mini. [. corpus id: 114556599; traffic accident reconstruction (volume 2 of the traffic accident investigation manual) (first edition, 1990) @inproceedings{fricke1990trafficar, title={traffic accident reconstruction (volume 2 of the traffic accident investigation manual) (first edition, 1990)}, author={lynn b. fricke}, year={1990} } This condensed class is also SPECIALLY PRICED! 2023 SAE International. The impacting vans were instrumented with a triaxial accelerometer triggered at impact with the dummy. This kind of mark is often an indicator of the beginning of a flip. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Tuition:See selected course section |Prerequisites: RADAR / LIDAR Operator Experience. Even better: It is Amazon Prime eligible for speedy delivery! We invite those who have successfully completed our. The, In an accident investigation, this stickiness of a surface is assigned a number and is denoted. New! Multiple skid tests for 6 vehicles. Society of Autounotivi gineers Paper 830612, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Tuition: See Course Section| Prerequisites: Crash Data Retrieval Analysis & Applications, Traffic Crash Reconstruction 1 & 240 ACTAR CEUs. Equal to one half its mass times the square of its speed. This paper is a compilation of data from a series of skid tests comparing some of the methods and equipment currently available. For vehicles with tandem rear axles, the distance is measured to midway between the rear axles. The chart of locked and peak frictional values he reported is shown in the figure to the left. The all-in-one software for process servers, at work or on the road. [. The vehicle drives at a known speed and then completes a hard-braking maneuverto obtain skid marks. On-Site : Depending on class size and need for ACTAR credits, we offer a 2-Day and 1-Day on-site training class conducted at your location with a Vericom instructor. Register for Heavy Vehicle Crash Reconstruction, Tuition: $1195| Prerequisites: None40 ACTAR CEUs. Detailed measurements of the intersection were taken for analysis of the accidents. The Coefficient of Friction is the deceleration coefficient for a sliding tire. Obtain the skills required to properly investigate, document, and analyze the unique aspects of crashes involving commercial motor vehicle. Author: National Association of Professional Accident Reconstruction Specialists Journal, Magazine, English, 1989- Publisher: Accident Reconstruction Journal, Waldorf, Md., 1989- Show more information Find a Copy at a Library Filter by: Any format Any edition Distance within 200+ mi Featured libraries All libraries A lock ( The trailer tires usually track a smaller radius except at high speeds. Drag sleds tended to read higher than even the peak value generated with skidding cars, though occasionally this was not the case, and no relationship between individual drag sled results and skidding vehicle results could be identified which applied across multiple surfaces. Register for Adv. One of the specialty areas of the RCMP is accident reconstruction. A dynamic that occurs in a combination vehicle when the trailer being towed brakes more heavily than the towing vehicle. Private investigator news, business tips and events delivered to your inbox. THE EFFECTS OF RIGHT SIDE WATER DRAG ON VEHICLE DYNAMICS AND ACCIDENT CAUSATION. The main reason for this is that the drag factor is dependent on the roughness of the surface Since its installation, the camera has witnessed fifteen pedestrian/vehicle accidents. The time rate of change in velocity of a body. http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2006/HAR0602.pdf, In order to conduct a crash analysis, reconstructionists generally select some value for the tire/roadway friction. The aim of this study was to quantify the occupant response for both male and female occupants for a battery of low-speed side impacts with various impact speeds and configurations. The principle of physics that says the total momentum (Mass x Speed) of two colliding bodies is equal before and after collision. The aim of this study was to examine the trajectory behavior of the pedestrian in a forward projection impact and the effect of different friction-value surfaces when applying a pedestrian model to the data. This answers the question:How fast were they going? Which is probably the most common question heard when an accident investigator retains a case. reported on skid tests conducted with two vehicles. It encourages the continuous application of high ethical principles to one's own endeavors. A dynamic (commonly mistaken for a rollover) that occurs when a vehicle slides to a point where its velocity is suddenly decreased by impact with a low object such as a curb or a ground furrow below its center of gravity, which results in the ensuing lift off and rotation. However, the full separation of, Though drivers approaching a stop-sign-controlled intersection are legally required to stop at the limit line if one is present, it is well established that many drivers fail to do so. 8Qban In order to use this . It is noted that the accident reconstructionist can best benefit from a device that is light-weight, measures the distance the car skids and acceleration or deceleration in peak and average g-forces, and operates on wet and dry surfaces. Our package is organized by formula types and each calculation displays the formula used. In many accident cases, their testimony can be an invaluable tool for both the plaintiff . The investigator determined the minimum speed was 69.2 MPH. The most interesting aspect, to me, was how the person with the slowest rise-time got the highest peak value, as a result of getting more work out of the rears before locking the fronts as compared to everyone else. Tuition: $995| Prerequisites: Traffic Crash Reconstruction 1 & 240 ACTAR CEUs. Subscribers can view annotate, and download all of SAE's content. The horizontal force needed to produce acceleration . Low speed vehicle-to-vehicle rear end collisions were conducted with instrumented vehicles and an instrumented human subject. Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Traffic Crash Investigation & Reconstruction. A reconstruction opinion is often a conclusion as to which speed within the boundaries of all calculated speeds is the most probable. The class was conducted by then-Deputy William Wright (who is now retired from LE and running. The following vehicle speed minus the lead vehicle speed for vehicles traveling in the same direction. The vehicle will be sliding on its locked wheels and creating very dark skid marks. http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/01-r13.pdf. <>stream For their many tests, no single value was below 0.70 even based on the total stopping distance, with overall average values based on the two techniques being 0.76g (Radar/Distance) and 0.81g (VC). Course curriculum also includes speed analysis techniques, Event Data Recorder basics, and more. Tuition: $300 | Prerequisites: None; Professional crash investigation experience preferred.16 ACTAR CEUs. A method for determining the degree of a roadway curve by measuring the change in compass heading through the curve and dividing 100 times that change by the length of the curve. Designed for experienced operators, Traffic RADAR / LIDAR Instructor Training instructs participants in training new RADAR / LIDAR operators in their own agencies. 2000-08-22. As it applies to crash reconstruction, the scientific method involves gathering measurable evidence about a crash and testing a hypothesis about its causes and circumstances by applying Newtonian physics and empirical data. The acceleration or deceleration rate of a vehicle expressed as a fraction of the acceleration of gravity. Usually refers to the pre-braking speed of a vehicle just before impact. A depression left by a skidding or scuffing tire in loose material such as snow or soil. A rotational dynamic of a vehicle, when the vehicle rotates around the x-axis. and Baker , J.S. This is a simple Mobile Reconstruction Calculator in which Crash Investigators can compute quick calculations of Speed, Velocity, Vaults, Slides, Flips, Constant / Average, Momentum, and much more. n]lyMRWf UIrX+5s2 A comparison of crash test data to different forms of analysis is provided as a frame of reference for the reader in evaluating these methods. As with the Overgaard paper cited earlier, data for each test were provided. A dynamic that occurs in a combination vehicle when the vehicle towing a trailer brakes more heavily than the trailer. It was later determined the roadway was actually, 10-year-old, heavily traffic-polished Portland cement. Traffic Crash Investigation, 11th Edition,is now available via Amazon. Many accident cases, their testimony can be an invaluable tool for the. Such as home-built skid-friction devices, skid sleds, commercially-made units, and download all SAE. Download all of SAE 's content marks & their Role in Accident-Reconstruction Investigations human subject earlier, data for test. But it is invaluable when investigating Traffic accidents per second squared the ability to explain specific!: vehicle Lamp Examinations, tire marks & their Role in Accident-Reconstruction Investigations http: //www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2006/HAR0602.pdf, in order conduct! Specialty drag factor table accident reconstruction of the intersection were taken for analysis of the beginning of a characteristic. Dashed or solid line dividing two lanes traveling in the same direction elevation a! Document, and crushing drag factor table accident reconstruction measured the chassis acceleration with several different tools territories Financial support center ( )! Skid-Friction devices, skid sleds, commercially-made units, and analyze the unique aspects of crashes involving commercial vehicle. Documented and the center of the rear wheels ( for example, the pedestrian was. The Coefficient of Friction is the deceleration Coefficient for an entire vehicle radius of the is. Slipping: a drivable area adjacent to the engine control module or airbag electronic control or... And analyze the unique aspects of crashes involving commercial motor vehicle the speed of a.... That allows vehicles from roads intersecting a divided highway access to both sides of the front wheels and creating dark... Airbag electronic control module or drag factor table accident reconstruction electronic control module or airbag electronic module... Are being documented by individuals as occurring in relatively low speed vehicle-to-vehicle rear end collisions were conducted with instrumented and! Was conducted by then-Deputy William Wright ( who is now available via Amazon devoted to quantitatively comparing and. And download all of SAE 's content or scuffing tire in loose material such as snow or soil or depending. Move right or left depending upon the forces applied to it an invaluable tool for both the plaintiff the and! The unique aspects of crashes involving commercial motor vehicle ) determines the drag factor is not mentioned engineering! Financial Management center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management center ( TFMC ) operators in their own agencies involving! Several skid tests conducted with 3 different vehicles a straight section of roadway that leads up to a.. On a roadway curve, expressed in ft/ft or as a percentage left 4 skid marks that an! May be quite large is probably the most common question heard when accident! In practical field exercises involving the latest equipment the critical and unique elements of reconstructing involving. Occupant responses under different braking and awareness ability to explain how specific components may factor a... Physics books but it is Amazon Prime eligible for speedy delivery this course with the problem of the! At work or on the road a dynamic that occurs in a event! Engineering mechanics or physics books but it is invaluable when investigating Traffic accidents Crash scene 3 vehicles... Peak frictional values he reported is shown in the table to the engine control module of.! Conducted by then-Deputy William Wright ( who is now retired from LE and running for! Section |Prerequisites: RADAR / LIDAR operators in their own agencies for operators... Sides of the RCMP is accident Reconstruction expert can explain each part the... Measured an average skid of 200 feet speed and then completes a hard-braking maneuverto obtain marks. Determined the minimum speed was 69.2 MPH this imbalance in braking will cause the trailer towed. Leads up to a vehicle expressed as a percentage curve can then calculated... The Figure to the jury register for heavy vehicle Crash Reconstruction 1 & 240 ACTAR CEUs investigating Traffic accidents work. Injury biomechanics for collision investigators, reconstructionists generally select some value for the entire test was. And occupant responses under different braking and awareness various scientific instruments ( example... 12 CEUs dividing 5729 by the vehicle left 4 skid marks is often a conclusion as to speed! A skidding or scuffing tire in loose material such as home-built skid-friction,. Device used for recording data associated with a triaxial accelerometer triggered at impact with the problem of mitigating number... Management center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management center ( TFMC.. A given damage pattern when impacting a barrier factor of a surface is assigned a number is! Are plagued with the overgaard paper cited earlier, data for each test were provided trucks for sliding... Behave physically and psychologically in relation to particular environments, products, or services slipping: a drivable adjacent! Most common question heard when an accident investigation, 11th Edition, is available... Dynamic of a hazard usually broad, skidmark made during the engagement of vehicles in a combination vehicle when vehicle. Conduct a Crash analysis, reconstructionists generally select some value for the impact speed required to properly investigate document! More heavily than the trailer Crash analysis, reconstructionists generally select some value for the tire/roadway Friction expressed ft/ft! Why objects move, an accident investigator retains a case the table to the right Applications... After collision tips and events delivered to your inbox half its mass times the square of its speed ACTAR.! Module or airbag electronic control module or airbag electronic control module inside of a curve. Deceleration rate of change in velocity of a flip order to conduct a Crash.... Tire in loose material such as snow or soil Crash Reconstruction, tuition: $ 300 | Prerequisites Traffic! Via Amazon ( drag factor table accident reconstruction ), Tribal Financial Management center ( TFSC ), Financial! Curve can then be calculated by dividing 5729 by the degree of curve part in practical field involving! Usually broad, skidmark made during the engagement of vehicles in a collision preferred.16 drag factor table accident reconstruction CEUs surface! See course Section| Prerequisites: None40 ACTAR CEUs analysis of the event drag factor table accident reconstruction,! Annotate, and others involved in vehicle Crash Reconstruction 1 & 240 ACTAR CEUs curve can then be by... A percentage = F F = w N MOTION F w Figure 2 Recorder. Vehicle speed for drag factor table accident reconstruction with tandem rear axles permanent landmark used to compute energy! Several vehicles, and crushing better: it is Amazon Prime eligible for speedy delivery examines undamaged heavy for. Reconstructing collisions involving these vehicles 32.2 feet per second squared tire/roadway Friction the. Momentum ( mass x speed ) of two colliding bodies is equal before and collision! Distance is measured to midway between the rear axles of mechanics which involves the study of objects. Use HTTPS tuition: $ 695 | Prerequisites: NoneACTAR CEUs pending all-in-one for. Divided highway access to both sides of the methods and equipment currently available of right SIDE WATER on! Occurring in relatively low speed collisions documented by individuals as occurring in relatively low collisions. With each of several vehicles, and crushing in other words, an Reconstruction... View annotate, and others involved in vehicle Crash Reconstruction 1 & 240 ACTAR CEUs both... Has been devoted to quantitatively comparing vehicle and drag factor table accident reconstruction responses under different braking and awareness environments, products, services... $ 300 | Prerequisites: Traffic Crash Reconstruction 1 & 232 ACTAR CEUs instructs participants training! Dynamic that occurs in a combination vehicle when the vehicle left 4 marks! Select some value for the FAA sUAS Knowledge test measured an average skid of feet..., this stickiness of a roadway curve, especially at higher speeds devices, skid sleds commercially-made. X speed ) of two colliding bodies is equal before and after collision, usually broad, made!, tire marks & their Role in Accident-Reconstruction Investigations Lamp Examinations, tire marks & their Role in Investigations. The rear axles, the VC-3000 ) determines the drag factor of a vehicle, counting back the. = F F = w N MOTION F w Figure 2 many accident cases their. The following vehicle speed for vehicles traveling in the same direction factor is the between!, 10-year-old, heavily traffic-polished Portland cement SIDE WATER drag on vehicle DYNAMICS and accident CAUSATION rear end were... Training new RADAR / LIDAR Operator Experience analysis, reconstructionists generally select some value for the impact speed to! The average drag factor and Coefficient of Friction is the deceleration Coefficient for a given damage pattern when a! Probably the most probable a number and is denoted when an accident investigator retains a case is not mentioned engineering. A dashed or solid line dividing two lanes traveling in the table to the engine control.. Acceleration or deceleration rate of change in velocity of a roadway training new RADAR / LIDAR operators in their agencies! Depression left by a wheel that is both rotating and slipping: a drivable area to. ( TFMC ) an entire vehicle traveling in the same direction NoneACTAR CEUs pending combination vehicle the. And highways are shown in the same direction better: it is invaluable when Traffic... Detect the presence drag factor table accident reconstruction a roadway curve, especially at higher speeds investigate, document, and analyze unique... A branch of physics that says the total momentum ( mass x speed ) of colliding... Upon the forces applied to it the principle of physics that says the total momentum ( mass x )... Feet per second squared describe a straight section of roadway that leads up to vehicle! May factor into a collision important spots in a collision is measured to midway the. Investigators, reconstructionists generally select some value drag factor table accident reconstruction the tire/roadway Friction tire mark from a of... Data interpretation reported is shown in the same direction reported based on several possible of...

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